MIME-Version: 1.0
From: Ethan Mertz <ethan.mertz@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 May 2026 10:18:12 -0700
Message-ID: 
 <CAA9pdKdMVBrcwORyLs_E-sw4zGzwumGfDn43Kj=FKWY9cASyJg@mail.gmail.com>
Subject: [PATCH] Improving index selection for logical replication apply with
 replica identity full
To: pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org
Cc: "kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com" <kuroda.hayato@fujitsu.com>,
	"onderkalaci@gmail.com" <onderkalaci@gmail.com>
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="0000000000005ea0ed06526b37d4"
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 <https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAA9pdKdMVBrcwORyLs_E-sw4zGzwumGfDn43Kj%3DFKWY9cASyJg%40mail.gmail.com>
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Hello hackers,


I'd like to reopen the discussion on index selection for logical
replication apply for replica identity full. Since PostgreSQL 14, replica
identity full is able to make use of existing indexes [1][2] (authors in
CC) when replicating UPDATE or DELETE operations.

Today, when identifying which index to use for the update or delete, the
first suitable index is chosen by OID order, which generally corresponds to
creation order. If the chosen index has low cardinality, the lookup may
perform no better than a sequential scan. While avoiding replica identity
full is generally recommended, some users need to maintain REPLICA IDENTITY
FULL to support downstream logical consumers that require full row images.
These users would also like performant PostgreSQL to PostgreSQL replication.

I propose improving the index selection heuristic to prefer unique indexes,
favoring those with fewer columns. Previous discussion in the linked
threads avoided invoking the planner for full index selection; the
heuristic I propose serves as a middle ground. A unique index guarantees
that each tuple match requires at most one index scan, and among unique
indexes, fewer columns means a narrower, more efficient lookup. I have
attached a patch implementing this check.


In addition, I've performed some simple performance testing of this patch:

```
CREATE TABLE cardinality_index_test (
    id          uuid NOT NULL DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    is_active   boolean NOT NULL DEFAULT true,
    payload     text NOT NULL DEFAULT repeat('x', 200)
);

CREATE INDEX idx_bad_low_cardinality ON cardinality_index_test (is_active);

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_good_unique ON cardinality_index_test (id);
```

With the patch, the time to replicate 1,000 point updates on a table size
of 1,000,000 dropped from 53 seconds to under 1 second.

Feedback welcome.

Thanks,

Ethan Mertz
SDE, Amazon Web Services

[1]
https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CACawEhVLqmAAyPXdHEPv1ssU2c%3DdqOniiGz7G73HfyS7%2BnGV4w%40mail.gmail.com

[2]
https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/TYAPR01MB58669D7414E59664E17A5827F522A%40TYAPR01MB5866.jpnprd01.prod.outlook.com

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div dir=3D"ltr">Hello hackers, =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <br><br>I=
9;d like to reopen the discussion on index selection for logical replicatio=
n apply for replica identity full. Since PostgreSQL 14, replica identity fu=
ll is able to make use of existing indexes [1][2] (authors in CC) when repl=
icating UPDATE or DELETE=C2=A0operations.<br><br><div>Today, when identifyi=
ng which index to use for the update or delete, the first suitable index is=
 chosen by OID order, which generally corresponds to creation order. If the=
 chosen index has low cardinality, the lookup may perform no better than a =
sequential scan. While avoiding replica identity full is generally recommen=
ded, some users need to maintain REPLICA IDENTITY FULL to support downstrea=
m logical consumers that require full row images. These users would also li=
ke performant PostgreSQL to PostgreSQL replication.<br><br></div>I propose =
improving the index selection heuristic to prefer unique indexes, favoring =
those with fewer columns. Previous discussion in the linked threads avoided=
 invoking the planner for full index selection; the heuristic I propose ser=
ves as a middle ground. A unique index guarantees that each tuple match req=
uires at most one index scan, and among unique indexes, fewer columns means=
 a narrower, more efficient lookup. I have attached a patch implementing th=
is check.<br><div>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0</div>=
<div><div>In addition, I&#39;ve performed some simple performance testing o=
f this patch:</div><div><br></div><div>```<br>CREATE TABLE cardinality_inde=
x_test (<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 id =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0uuid NOT NUL=
L DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 is_active =C2=A0 boolean NOT =
NULL DEFAULT true,<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 payload =C2=A0 =C2=A0 text NOT NULL DEF=
AULT repeat(&#39;x&#39;, 200)<br>);<br><br>CREATE INDEX idx_bad_low_cardina=
lity ON cardinality_index_test=C2=A0(is_active);<br><br>CREATE UNIQUE INDEX=
 idx_good_unique ON cardinality_index_test=C2=A0(id);<br>```<br><br>With th=
e patch, the time to replicate 1,000 point updates on a table size of 1,000=
,000 dropped from 53 seconds to under 1 second.<br><br>Feedback welcome.<br=
>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0=
=C2=A0<br>Thanks, =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=
=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <br>Ethan Mertz<br>SDE, Amazon Web Services<br>=
<br>[1]=C2=A0<a href=3D"https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CACawEhV=
LqmAAyPXdHEPv1ssU2c%3DdqOniiGz7G73HfyS7%2BnGV4w%40mail.gmail.com" target=3D=
"_blank">https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CACawEhVLqmAAyPXdHEPv1s=
sU2c%3DdqOniiGz7G73HfyS7%2BnGV4w%40mail.gmail.com</a>=C2=A0<br>[2]=C2=A0<a =
href=3D"https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/TYAPR01MB58669D7414E5966=
4E17A5827F522A%40TYAPR01MB5866.jpnprd01.prod.outlook.com" target=3D"_blank"=
>https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/TYAPR01MB58669D7414E59664E17A58=
27F522A%40TYAPR01MB5866.jpnprd01.prod.outlook.com</a></div></div></div>
</div>
</div>

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